2
  -2022
  

( )
:    :100
:    ,             
         
-
1. ()        
(b)           
2. ()            ,
()       
-
3.            
         ?
4. ,         ?  , 
           
2
-
(5)      ?        
      ?
6.      ?       
    ?
-
7.   -       
8. () ',         
(b)            
   ?
2
  -2022
  

( )
:    :100
:    ,             
         
-
1. ()        
:: :
       ,         
       ,         
  ,           
     , ,         
      
         ,      
    
   :
           -  ,    
1.     :
            ,   , 
 ,             
,        ,       
2
      ,     ,    
    ,       
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷:               
,     
2.     :
             -   
,     -            
  
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷:              
  
3. ,     :
       -    :
  (  )       -    
   
    "  "  -         
      
              
 -  
        
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷,        ,  , ,  
  
4.    :
          " 
 ?"  "      ?"     
                
 "      ?"  "     
 ?"
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷 = ;  =   
2
  :
               
    -       ,    
    :
1. :
""        ,   , , 
   ,    
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷:              
          
    :
  
 
 
  
  ( , , )
2.  :
""           
,      ,     
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷:      ,        ,
  
     :

 
  
  
   
   
2
3. 
 :
      ,  ,   ,  
 
       
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷:       ?      
  ?
4.  :
                
 ,          
5.  :
               
 ,     ,            
 
6.    :
               
      -         
:
 ,                
   
   ,         
     ,        , 
   ,            
  ,             
2
(b)           
:    (PED)            
               ,
                
          ,         
        ,   
              ,   
        ,          
        :
1.  ( ) 
2.  ( ) 
3.   
                
1.  ( ) 
                 
               
( ×   )        
:
               
  ,          ,  ,  
     :
       ,     
(      ,      )
            ,     
(    ,      )
          ,     
(      ,        
)
:
     ₹10  ₹8    :
2
10 ,    100    = ₹1000
8 ,     140      = ₹1120
        ,   
:
     .
            
 :
      
         
2.  ( ) 
       ,         
                 
      
:
:
ΔQ =   
ΔP =   
Q =  
P = 
:
      ₹20   ₹25   ,  ,   
200    150   
2
:
ΔQ = -50 
ΔP = ₹5
 = 200
 = ₹20
     (           ) , Ep
= 2.5,       
:
      
         
 :
         
            ,   
  
3. 
 
                  
      ,         
    
:
,
dQ/dP      
P =   
Q =   
2
                 , 
Q=100−2P               
     
:
    :
=100−2
P = ₹20    
 = 100 - 2×20 = 60
dQ/dP = -2 ( )
,
, Ep = 0.67     
:
 ,         
            
 :
     
              
 



  


,     

,  
 
      

  
 

      


  

2
 
               
                  ,
                ( 
   ),    
  ,           
         ,    ,  
           
2. ()            ,
:        
󷇴󷇵󷇶󷇷󷇸󷇹
           ₹100     
₹100                
     ,       ?
             -   
              
               
    
󹴡󹴵󹴣󹴤   ?
""             ,  
                 

  :
1    10   
1  8   
,               
        
2
󼨐󼨑󼨒    
     ,           
:
1.     ( 10 , 15 , )    
2.       ,       
 
3.     
4.       
5.         
6.       
󹳦󹳤󹳧    
     , -      
     ,   ( )  
:
 : 10 
 : 8 
 : 6 
 : 3 
,              
󼩕󼩖󼩗󼩘󼩙󼩚   ?
                 
                 

     :
:
2
 = X    (, )
 = X  
=  Y    (, )
 = Y  
 =   
    :
            
󷗭󷗨󷗩󷗪󷗫󷗬     
 :
1    = ₹5
1   = ₹2
   ₹20 
       :

  
  
1
15
12
2
12
10
3
9
8
4
6
6
5
3
4
,   MU (   )   :
  :
: 15 / 5 = 3
: 12 / 5 = 2.4
: 9 / 5 = 1.8
: 6 / 5 = 1.2
2
5: 3 / 5 = 0.6
  :
: 12 / 2 = 6
: 10 / 2 = 5
: 8 / 2 = 4
: 6 / 2 = 3
5: 4 / 2 = 2
 ₹20    ₹  MU       
 :
1.    (MU/₹ = 6) ₹2
2.    (MU/₹ = 5) ₹2 ( = 4)
3.    (MU/₹ = 4) ₹2 ( = ₹6)
4.   (MU/₹ = 3) ₹5 ( = ₹11)
5.    (MU/₹ = 3) ₹2 ( = ₹13)
6.   (MU/₹ = 2.4) ₹5 ( = ₹18)
7. 5   (MU/₹ = 2) ₹2 ( = ₹20)
  ₹20    ,      MU/₹   (2.4  2)
  
󹳨󹳤󹳩󹳪󹳫    (  )
        ,      :
 = 
:
2
󼪺󼪻
             
   ,      
      :
       
   ,            
(b)       
: 
             —  2
 1      ,     ,    :  
      ?      (RPH)  
         ,     
     
   (  )     1938 
        ,     ,   :
             
    ?
:
               
            
           ,     ,  
           
2
    
...            
:
1.  :            
     
2. :     A  B     ,   
   A  B    
3.    A  B    B  C     ,  
A  C    
4.    :          
5.                 
 ,             
   
    
           100 
   = ₹10
  = ₹20
        
     :
  :
   3  2    
2
,                
  
    
        ,    ()  :
1.      (WARP)
 A  B      ,  B  A       
:
   A  B    ,     ,    
 ,  A    , A   B    ,  
  
2.      (SARP)
 A  B      ,  B  C      ,  A  C
     
             
 ,       
    
1. 󷃆󼽢   -  ""  " " 
     
2. 󷃆󼽢           
 
3. 󷃆󼽢   -           
,          
4. 󷃆󼽢   -          
    
    
   ,     :
1.󽅂     
2
         ,       
  ,       A, B     
2.󽅂        
      -  ,        
   
3.󽅂      
           ,      
    
4.󽅂     
-             (  )  ,
                   

5.󽅂      
                
 ,         

         " " 
   " "         
             
,               ,  
         ,     
,    -          
-
3.            
         ?
: 
      , ,         
 ( ),              
 ( )  ,        ,    
2
      ,         
 ,      ,       ,  -   
 ,      
              -
   
  
           
       ( )      ,    ( 
 )     ,    
               

  :
"       ,       ,   
     ,    ,    "
      ,          (  
 , , )
  
1.     (, )     (, , )
2.    
3.    (        )
4.     (        )
 
     ,      :
1.  ():       
2.   ():         
.MP = TP   /   
2
3.   ():     .AP = TP / 
  
   
,             :
 I:  
..    
    
           ,   
        (  ,    
      )
   .
󹳣󹳤󹳥  :   (    )  ,     
 

󹻂   ?
    
 

 II:  
..    
      ,     
     ,       
        (  ,    
    )
󹳦󹳤󹳧  :    ,     
󹻂  ?
       
  

2
󷃆󼽢           
 III:  
      
..   
   
󹳦󹳤󹳧  :     
  ,    
󹻂  ?
 
      
 -    
     
           :
 
 ()
  ()
  ()
10
10
10
25
15
12.5
45
20
15
2
 ()
  ()
  ()
60
15
15
70
10
14
75
5
12.5
70
-5
10
  :
       I
           II
    ..      III
       ?
     II    ?
 I ,             
     ,          
  ,            
      
,  II   :
o    
o ..   (   )
o        

              
    ,             
                !
             ,    II 
       ,     ,  
 
2
          ,    , 
          
4. ,         ?  , 
           
:󹴡󹴵󹴣󹴤4. ,     
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷
               
                 
                 
   ,         (TR),   (AR), 
  (MR)             
          
            
󼪺󼪻  ()
             
󹻁:
󷃆󼽢:
   10 20        ,
-     , TR  ,        (  
  )
󹳨󹳤󹳩󹳪󹳫  ()
 ,            
          
2
󹻁:
    :
󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾  , AR =  ( TR = P × Q  AR = TR/Q = P).
󷃆󼽢:
  10   ₹200 ,
󹳣󹳤󹳥  ()
                
 
󹻁:
  ,  TR               
󷃆󼽢:
  10    ₹200    11    ₹215  ,
=215−200=₹15
         ₹15
󹳦󹳤󹳧,      
           
󷃆󹹳󹹴󹹵󹹶:
2

(Q)

(P)
 =  ×

 =
/
 =
ΔTR/ΔQ
1
20
20
20
-
2
19
38
19
18
3
18
54
18
16
4
17
68
17
14
󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾-   , TR     ,  MR 
󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾   AR   
󹳨󹳤󹳩󹳪󹳫: TR, AR  MR 
TR    ,    ,    
   AR  MR    
 
,       
󷃆󹸊󹸋,          ()
         ,        
   
2
󼨐󼨑󼨒MR  Ed    :
:
 =  
AR =   (, )
Ed =    
󼨻󼨼  :
󷃆󷃊 Ed > 1 ( ):
     
MR  ,      TR 
:   ,  
󷃆󷃋 Ed = 1 ( ):
 = 0
TR  .
     TR    
󷃆󷃌 Ed < 1 (  ):
     
MR  ,      TR   
: , 
󷃆󼽢 :
 ()
 

 > 1
TR  
 > 0
 = 1
TR  
 = 0
2
 ()
 

 < 1
TR  
 < 0
󼪺󼪻:
TR, AR  MR           :
    ,
         , 
       ?
   ,      :
     ,
     , 
     ?
    :    ,     ,   
  ()       !
-
(5)      ?        
      ?
:      ?
               
      ,        ,      
               

                
         
    
1.       
2
o         ,       
      
o      ,    
2.  
o         ,    
        
3.     
o              
     
4.  
o       ,       
   
5.    
o               
       
6.    
o       , ,    
       
            ( )  
                   ,
,         
       :
A.     
      ( , )   ,     
     
  
        
2
   
    
   
 ,       :
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷  () =  ()
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷, MC  MR     
      ,   (P) = MR = AR ( )
- 
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷 : MC = MR
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷  : AR > AC ;  AR < AC 
   
1.   (AR > AC)
2.   (AR = AC)
3.  ( < ) -            
    
.     
               
              
  
   ;      
2
         
      
   
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷 =   =  
, P = MC = AC
             ,   
   ,         ,   
 ,       
 
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷 AC       
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷     ,     
:    
                  (
)
 ,             ,
              
   ,     ,         
      ,      ,    
 ,            - , 
      -     ,    
  ,         
2
6.      ?       
    ?
:   -  
   
    -           
   -  ,  -     :     ,  
     ,    - ,      
        ,         
      
   ?
              
     , , ,      
           
     :
1.         ,      
2.         
3.                 
  
4.  -            

5.              
       
        ( ,    )   
     
   
 ,           ,   
      
:  
 AR ( ), MR ( ), AC ( )  MC ( ) 
         
     MR = MC (- )
2
     AR > AC ,     
 AR = AC,      
 AR < AC ,     ,       
        
   
                  
 ,  -         ,    
             
:
..       (   )
    
         MR = MC,   AR = AC.
        
:  
2
,                ,  
    ,        
      
""               
     
    :
        
            
   (  AC         )
    ,   ,    - 
    
   :
 ,  AC        ,    
  :
      
    
                

         ?
   , "           ?" 
  :
             
 
     
       ,   
,        , :
  .
2
 
  

            
         ,   -  
        ,       , 
 ,            
         -  , ,     
 -  ,          
-
7.   -       
:󹻀
          ,   (), 
(),  (),   ()          
              ?    
 ?    ?
    -          
            ( )   
  - , ,    -        
󹻀    ?
    :
"              - 
        ,        ,
    "
 :
     ()     
      ( )    
2
  ...
󹻀     
1.   ()
             ,
      
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷
:
        50  60    ,  MP =
10 
2.    ()
             :
 MR =  .
    10     ₹10   ,  MRP = 10 × 10 =
₹100.
3.   
   ,      ( )     :
      :
󹻀   
   
2
    
 ,     -     
   ,        (   )
󹻀  
1.       
2.   (      , )
3.   
4.    
5.     
6.    
󹻀   
󷃆󼽢  
1.   
              

2.    
       -     ,  
  
3.    
            
2
󽅂  
1.  
o       
o       (  -    
)
2.   
o             
 
3.    
o         ,  
   
4.    
o              ,
    
5.       
o                
  
6.  
o          
󹻀   
         ,  
   :
    
,       
    ,          
    
2
󹻀
 ,   -        
 , ,             
 
   ,        , 
        
 ,                
            ,  
      
8. () ',         
: ",        " -     
 ,   ""   ,          
     , " "      
 ( ,   )    -  -   ,  
               
     
 :   
󹻂 :
                ,
                ₹10,000  ,
 ₹10,000   
󹻂 :
               
                  
6,000    ,  6,000   
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷  =   -  
2
    :
₹10,000 () ₹6,000 () = ₹4,000
󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾 ₹4,000  
   -             , 
      
      
               :
1.         20,000    
2.         15,000    
     
  = ₹20,000
  = ₹15,000
 ( ) = ₹5,000
 ₹5,000                
     
   
1.         
       ,       ( , , )
   
   :
           ₹10    ₹3 
(  )  ,  ₹7      -   
        
2.        =  
           ₹15,000    , :
  = ₹15,000
  = ₹15,000
2
  = ₹0
  ,    ,    
3.     
               -  
,  ,  ,    
     
    :
   
     ( )
     
󷃆󼽢   :
             = 

󷃆󼽢 :
            ,   
           
󷃆󼽢 :
          -   , 
, 
2
:
 ,           -    
             , 
    ,            
          ,     
,           
       ""  ,   :     
  -         ,       
(b)            
   ?
: 󹴡󹴵󹴣󹴤 
 ,                
              . 
             
  ,         
        
󼨐󼨑󼨒   -     ?
  ,       
        :
1. 
2. 
         ,        -    
           
󹸯󹸭󹸮   :   ?
2




     ,
     

     
     


  (    
50% )
      
   

?
 (    
 )
 (    )

?


  ,       ,    
              (  
         ),       
             ,    
   
󷩃󷩄󷩅󷩆󷩇󷩈 
  :
                 
          :
    .
     
     
          
           ,      
   
󹳣󹳤󹳥  :
         :
2
󼪺󼪻       :
1.         -       
      ,     
2.             -  , , 
  
3.    -        (  ,   
    ),    
4.        -  ,   
󽅂     :
     ,         :
1.          :
o            
:   
2.      :
o   (    ),  ,   
     
3.  :
o       ""  - 

2
4.   ,   :
o         ,       
 
5.      :
o            , 
           
:
     ,          
               
 -        
           ,     
               
             
    ,     ”